|
| caption = 250px Religious Jews of the Polish Pińsk in 1924 | location map = Belarus | map size = 250 | map caption= Location of Pińsk Ghetto in modern day Belarus | latd = 52 | latm = 07 | lats = | latNS = N | longd = 26 | longm = 6 | longs = | longEW = E | coordinates type = region:PL-MA_type:landmark | coordinates display = inline,title | other names = | known for = The Holocaust in Poland | location = | built by = | operated by = The ''SS'' | commanded by = | original use = | construction = | in operation = 1 May 1942 – 29 Oct 1942 }} The Pińsk Ghetto ((ポーランド語:Getto w Pińsku)) was a World War II extermination ghetto created by Nazi Germany for the confinement of Polish Jews living in the city of Pińsk (now Pinsk, Belarus) in the eastern territory of occupied Poland. Pińsk was overrun by the Red Army in 1939 during the Soviet invasion of Poland and captured in 1941 by the Wehrmacht in Operation Barbarossa, when it became part of the German ''Reichskommissariat Ostland''.〔( Pińsk – Virtual Shtetl. ) ''Elektroniczna Encyklopedia Żydowska.'' Retrieved April 27, 2014.〕〔Thomas Urban, ( "Poszukiwany Hermann Schaper", ) Rzeczpospolita, 01.09.01 Nr 204. 〕 During the Red Army's rapid retreat, on 5–7 August 1941 the Waffen SS massacred as many as 11,000 Jewish men of Pińsk aged 16 to 60,〔 due to reports of Soviet guerrilla activity in the area.〔Alexander B. Rossino, historian of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., "Polish 'Neighbors' and German Invaders," ''Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry'', Volume 16, 2003. ( Archive. )〕 Their bodies were dumped in hastily constructed mass graves.〔 The subsequent creation of the ghetto was followed – over a year later – by the total eradication of the imprisoned Jewish population of Pińsk, totalling 26,000 victims: men, women and children. Most killings took place between 29 October and 1 November 1942,〔〔Statistical data compiled on the basis of ( "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" ) by ''Virtual Shtetl'' Museum of the History of the Polish Jews , as well as ( "Getta Żydowskie," by ''Gedeon'', ) and ("Ghetto List" ) by Michael Peters at Deathcamps.org . Accessed 23 April 2014.〕 with the aid of Belarusian Auxiliary Police led by the ''SS-Ordnungspolizei''.〔Ray Brandon, Wendy Lower, ''(The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization. )'' Indiana University Press, pg. 290.〕 No houses were damaged in the process.〔 It was the second largest mass shooting operation in a single settlement to that particular date during the Holocaust, after Babi Yar where the death toll exceeded 33,000 Jews. The Babi Yar shootings were surpassed only by the Nazi ''Aktion Erntefest'' of 3 November 1943 in the Lublin district with 42,000–43,000 Jews murdered at once over execution pits,〔Wendy Morgan Lower, ''Journal of Religion & Society'', Volume 9 (2007). The Kripke Center, Towson University. ISSN 1522–5658. Retrieved from Internet Archive, 24 April 2014.〕 dug specifically for this purpose.〔.〕 ==Background== After a century of foreign domination, Poland regained independence at the end of World War I. The Russian Partition has left a legacy of massive 71% percent illiteracy across the region.〔 In April 1919 during the fight against yet another invasion by the Bolsheviks, the new Polish garrison in Pińsk summarily executed 35 Jewish men without due process on the assertion of plotting a pro-Russian counterattack. It was a war crime never forgotten by the Jews of Pińsk. In the subsequent decade the city grew to 23,497 inhabitants as part of the Polesie Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic.〔 It was briefly declared the capital of the province in 1921 but a city-wide fire resulted in the transfer of power to Brześć within months. Some 108,751 children were sent to elementary schools across the province.〔T.M.P., (Województwo Poleskie (Polesie Voivodeship), ) ((page two of current document). ) 2014 Towarzystwo Miłośników Polesia w Gorzowie Wlkp. Retrieved 〕 Jews constituted over half the number of Pińsk residents, and 17.7% of the general population in the region. New Jewish schools opened, a clinic, the first bank, an old-age home, and an orphanage.〔 In 1939, following the Soviet invasion in accordance with the Nazi–Soviet Pact against Poland, attitudes of many Jews had changed after encountering the Soviet terror. Pińsk and the surrounding territories were taken over by the Soviet NKVD secret police conducting raids, shut-downs of all synagogues, and shops, as well as mass deportations to Siberia.〔 At that time, the population became over 90% Jewish due to the influx of refugees from the German-controlled western Poland.〔Marek Wierzbicki, (Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką 1939–1941 ) (Polish-Belarusian relations under the Soviet . Internet Archive. 〕 The area was annexed into the Soviet Byelorussian Republic (doubling its own size) after the NKVD staged elections decided in the atmosphere of terror immediately after the Soviet invasion.〔Bernd Wegner (1997). ''(From peace to war: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the world, 1939–1941. )'' Berghahn Books. p. 74. ISBN 1-57181-882-0.〕 All citizens previously living, but also born in Poland, would live in the Byelorussian SSR from then on as the subjects of the Russian judiciary.〔Norman Davies, ''God's Playground'' (Polish edition), second volume, pp. 512–513.〕 Soviet rule was short-lived because the corresponding terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact signed earlier in Moscow were broken when the German army crossed the Soviet occupation zone on 22 June 1941. From 1941 to 1943 Pińsk was occupied by Nazi Germany, govern by the collaborationist Belarusian Central Council supported by the Nazi Belarusian battalions of the Home Defence.〔( Andrew Wilson, ''Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship'', Yale University Press 2011. Page 109. )〕 The population of 30,000 included 27,000 Jews. Most of the latter group were murdered in late October 1942 with the help of Belarusian Auxiliary Police when the Pińsk Ghetto was liquidated.〔Marcin Wodzinski, ( Best of the memory books ), Haaretz Books, February 2009, pp. 28–30.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pińsk Ghetto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|
